Judiciary Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judiciary Assignment - Essay Example However, at around midnight, turmoil broke out for a couple of minutes and literally affected those in attendance. In this case, Bradley Smith was injured severely in the bar fight. He brought a premises liability action against Del Lago and the jury realized that the resort was 51% responsible and smith had a 49% responsibility on the occurrence. The damages were estimated to be worth $2,874,000, although the trial court minimized the damages by 49% and they agreed that Smith was to be compensated $1,478,283. Bradley smith won the case and he was compensated for his loss. This was a major reason that resulted to the judge’s disagreement. In case I was the Texas Supreme Court Justice, I would conclude the risk of a criminal act that occurred in the Grandstand Bar resulted to injuries although it was not predicted. This means that Del Lago never owed any legal duty to Smith so that he would protect him fro the criminal acts of the third party. In this case, a decision was issued on 3rd March, 2010 and it involved Ronald Lee Wilson, who was accused of shooting Amos Gutierrez during the year 2006. It was noted that the case was not successful since the detective used invalid forensic reports to deceive Wilson so that he would think that his fingerprints were on the ammo clip that was found lying next o the body of Amos Gutierrez. This issue focused Wilson to admit having committee the crime, although he was not involved. However, after the appellants motion to suppress, it is evident that the police officer who had interrogated the defendant had violated the Penal Code 37.09 and he confessed to have tampered with the forensic report. In conclusion, we note that the state provides the defense of the prosecution and it was concluded that Detective Robert created the document as an interrogation technique to ensure that the report was noted as the evidence. According to the law, Wilson served half of the

Commentary on Henry Handel Richardson(TM)s The Getting of Wisdom Essay Example for Free

Commentary on Henry Handel Richardson(TM)s The Getting of Wisdom Essay In this extract taken from Henry Handel Richardsons The Getting of Wisdom, the author uses Lauras perspective to present a scene in which a group of schoolgirls are seated and lectured in front of the rest of the school, of which one girl in particular, Annie Johns, is publicly called upon by their principal and accused of theft. The text is composed of six paragraphs, of which only one is dialogue, followed by a lengthy seventh paragraph. Told in the third-person, the entire excerpt is rich in descriptive language, enhanced by the use of alliteration and cleverly selective vocabulary, so as to achieve an attention-grabbing and detailed description of the characters thoughts and feelings. I find that Richardson is able to create a serious and tense atmosphere, evoking a suspenseful mood as should be the case for such an incident. In the opening paragraph of this extract, Richardson introduces the characters and sets the scene. The poor quality of the desks, blackened, ink-scored, dusty, with eternally dry ink-wells, indicates that the girls are possibly studying in a lower-class school where a higher standard of education environment is not available. Although Tilly, Inez and Berthas names are mentioned, it is made clear that Laura is the central character as we are given a detailed idea of how she feels. Richardson brings the reader into the intense atmosphere immediately, and apart from the literal description of Lauras flushed face, her difficulty of breathing and her cold hands and feet, further detail is added by the use of alliteration and shrewd phrasing. The consonance of the letter f in The cheeks of the four were flushed not only lets us imagine the pale colour of the girls faces but also picture the girls as they bite their lips in anticipation. This idea is brought to mind when Laura moistens her lips. The repeated use of the letter w, in while the others only whispered and wondered, forms a particular shape of the readers mouth, dissimilar to the shape of a smile. The fact they are whispering and wondering also suggests that there are matters at hand that need to be kept secret to oneself, and the writer is encouraging the reader to keep reading. In addition, we are given the first glimpse of Richardsons use of placing a short clause at the beginning of his sentences. Using the word But at the beginning of a sentence in line 4 is grammatically incorrect, but the author writes in this specific way to augment the readers idea of the nervousness the girls are feeling. Also to increase the tension, Richardson employs em dashes to create caesuras (that is, deliberate pauses). Consonance using the letter f is used for the second time in the beginning of the second paragraph. The first foregoing minutes recalls the picture of the girls lips, and the mention of the foregoing minutes, once more, attracts the reader to keep reading. Although silence is already present, Richardson makes a point of stressing the utter quietness, and exaggerating any noise that can be described, as minimal as they may be. This is done carefully when the writer describes the sound after Mr Strachey enters the scene as an ominous hush, the sounds of whispering and Lauras trouble in breathing and when Mr Strachey raises his hand to enjoin a silence that was already absolute. This marks the beginning of a lot of light being shed on these characters. In line 11, the way in which Laura suddenly grows calm contrasts with the emotional nature of Berthas character later on, and this may show that Laura is less easily frightened or anxious and that she has the ability to keep her composure in uncomfortable situations. It is interesting to know that her calmness allows her to clear her mind of all anxiety and take note of everything that passed. Her calmness is vital for the reader to continue to understand and perceive the event as we are given her view, and the reader can appreciate Lauras observance and self-control. The reader can also appreciate Richardsons clever manipulation of this characters perspective. As for Mr Strachey, him being labelled as The Principal gives the impression that he has no need for a name in this current situation. The title is impersonal and implies that he is strictly being professional now. This formal occasion is also accentuated by the tidy arrangement of the desks, as unsanitary as they are, and the use of words and phrases such as culprit, a few introductory remarks and the present case, relating the school-situated theft to an actual court case. Richardson then allows the reader to know Mr Strachey is somewhat of an authoritarian. This is suggested by Mr Stracheys decision to raise his hand for silence that the writer vividly describes as already absolute and his way of ordering Annie Johns to stand up. Will Miss Johns stand up! is a question in strict linguistic terms, but the exclamation mark indicates that it is a command and not an inquiry. Berthas description adds a certain fearful quality to Mr Stracheys character as Bertha cries from an overwhelming sense of panic. Probably the most outstanding use of alliteration is the consonance using the letters b and h in Bertha the unhappy in lines 16 to 18. The letter b generates a dramatic sound as we imagine Bertha releasing her emotions, and the letter h produces a sort of sobbing noise that is gradually reduced like the actual use of the letter h. Last of all, Annie Johns is described as pale and silly-looking. Everything from the impersonal disregarding of her name, to the metaphor associating her with a small hunted animal, to the portrayal of her unattractiveness and insanitariness, characterize her as an unappealing person to sympathize for just judging by her appearance. Richardsons use of the letter s in the words, stood, silly-looking, stared, Strachey, stares and especially the image created by the snake, foreshadow the crime that is to be addressed soon. The sounds created by the words, mouth, fallen, half and fear, emphasize (yet again) the biting of the lips and the changing shape of the mouth. When we reach the last paragraph in line 25, all the components established in the previous paragraphs come together as Richardson uses punctuation, consonance and figurative language to vividly portray the scene and assign actions to the names and faces of the characters we are now familiar with in this particular extract. Lauras ability to pay close attention to her surroundings is referred to as she is described as being unable to take her eyes off the scene, fascinated by [Mr Stracheys] oratory and appreciating [Mr Stracheys] points. Richardson mentions lips again and this time, they belong to Mr Starchey. Particular phrases such as the Principal passed on to the present case and He made it all live vividly before her create a cacophonous effect and the reader may visualize Mr Strachey has he speaks dramatically, perhaps spitting as he enunciates too. Earlier, Mr Strachey is said to be speaking in a low, impressive tone and Lauras admiration of his rhetoric highlights this as well. Information concerning Laura herself is minimal, but we find out about her by observing Richardsons skilful way of letting us into her perspective without actually writing in the first-person. The reader can know that Laura has the capability to recognize what the rest of the girls are going through by the way the writer talks about how Laura knows what it was to be poor and understands what it would mean to lack your tram-fare on a rainy morning (a brief instance of pathetic fallacy). Laura could imagine, too, with a shiver, to what extent the details of this crime could be revealed. When Richardson describes the lolly-shop as having octopus arms, and tells us that Laura is considering if every one else agreed with [Mr Strachey], it indicates that Laura is imaginative, bright and deductive in her reasoning as she puts her observation skills in good use, and all of this suggests that her aptitude is possibly brought about by some difference between her attitude to education and the other girls approach. This extract was interesting to analyse and to see how a writer can use a character so captivatingly to direct us to what is significant in the actual plot. This includes the characterisations of Bertha, Annie Johns and Mr Strachey, as well as Laura, and the way in which Richardson applies alliteration to this text to create visual impressions. I guess I could say that I was fascinated by Richardsons style as he made the scene and the characters all live vividly before me. I hung on his diction, appreciated his style and the clever way in which he worked up his climaxes. As grammatically incorrect as it is in saying this, I feel I have certainly been getting some wisdom.

Critical Analysis The Sun Also Rises English Literature Essay

Critical Analysis The Sun Also Rises English Literature Essay In the book The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, we explore the lifestyles and complications of a group of American emigrants living in Paris, France. The story takes places after World War I. The novel concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in postwar Paris, who take psychic refuge in such immediate physical activities as eating, drinking, traveling, brawling, and lovemaking. Hemingway presents a strong accurate background to the setting and time period primarily because the story is based around his personal experiences as an American emigrant living in Paris. The characters are selfish in a sense that they act without thinking of the possible consequences for their actions and they feel free of any obligations to loyalty or honor to themselves or others. Though Hemingway was a renowned writer at the time of the novels conception, he opened the publics eyes to several taboo topics. At the period of time this book was written, which was in 1926, this book it was considered highly obscene and offensive. Hemingways knowledge of the feeling you get in Paris was evident given the vivid and detailed imagery of the citys streets, locations of business and buildings, and the entire panorama. The references to certain the cafes, buildings, restaurants, and historic locations defiantly provided that Euro-Parisian feeling. The genuine descriptions of Paris, included in the accurate naming of particular restaurants, streets, and neighborhoods gives a odd pull to the reader and somehow draws you inward: The driver started up the street. I settled back. Brett moved close to me. We sat close against each other. I put my arm around her and she rested against me comfortably. It was very hot and bright, and the houses looked sharply white. We turned out onto the Gran Via. Oh, Jake, Brett said, we could have had such a damned good time together. Ahead was a mounted policeman in khaki directing traffic. He raised his baton. The car slowed suddenly pressing Brett against me. Yes, I said. Isnt it pretty to think so? The amazingly colorful dialogue throughout the story makes you feel as though you are actually there eating at the cafà © and watching the drama unravel. Another significant location in this novel is Spain. In Spain, the characters journey to Burguete to fish and Pamplona to witness the Spanish bullfights, which is where Jake is introduced to Pedro Romero (Bloom 113). Romero is a nineteen year old young man, an authentic matador. Jake describes him as the best-looking boy he has ever seen, this is also where we get to see a little bit of Jakes homosexual tendencies. In this book sexuality is flaunted and brought up often. Lady Brett Ashley is probably the biggest source of promiscuity in the novel. She is separated from her husband awaiting a divorce because of her trouble with promiscuity. In addition, several of Bretts lovers are mention throughout the novel. Her lovers, to name a few, are Pedro Romero, Count Mippipopolous, and Mike Campbell. Hemingway was first made aware of bullfights in Spain by a fellow emigrant and was immediately captivated. He soon developed a passion for bullfights which certainly influenced his invention of Pedro Romeo as a character. Hemingways individual experiences are riddled throughout the story and play an important role in the invention and growth of specific characters. Jake Barnes is the narrator and key character in the novel. Jake is a grief stricken, American journalist living in Paris in the 1920s. While Jake does have homosexual tendencies he is in love with Lady Brett Ashley but the relationship is never pursued due to Jakes impotency. By description Jakes appearance is strikingly close to Hemingways actual looks, as well as his personality resembles Hemingway in several ways. After World War I, Hemingway felt strongly inept and detached from society; he often referred to himself as lyrically impotent and physically diminished (Bloom 95-100). Both Hemingway and Barnes were war woun ded, journalists working in Paris emigrant society. Hemingway was not rendered sexually impotent however; he actually suffered wounds to his legs when a mortar exploded in the trench that he was occupying to assist in the health related evacuation of another soldier. Encyclopedia texts cite Hemingways wounds to be awful, he had twenty-eight pieces of shrapnel removed from his legs, leaving behind over two hundred other pieces that were too deep to be removed (Bloom 80-89). Jakes war injury was an unfathomable wound to his genital area that left him impotent and in turn prevented him from having sexual relations with Lady Ashley or any other woman for that matter. Hemingway does not describe Jakes wound, the novel merely states: Undressing, I looked at myself in the mirror of the big armoire beside the bed. That was a typically French way to furnish a room. Practical too, I suppose. Of all the ways to be wounded. I suppose it was funny. I put on my pajamas and got into bed (Hemingway 38). After that excerpt there was no more mention of Jakes wound to the reader, it is left to the individuals imagination. Jakes best friend from the U.S. is Bill Gorton. Bill shares Jakes love of fishing and outdoorsy activities. Their relationship is one of respect and deep companionship. Bill is the animated, funny character in the novel. He brings humor to a very sad situation for Jake. His witty cynicism and comical perception bring light to the novel. In an excerpt from the book Hemingway tells us of situation in which Bill and Jake are venturing to Spain on the train and due to the large amount of Catholic Americans migrating to Spain the two were unable to get tickets for a lunch they had planned to attend. After much time had passed Bill became annoyed: Finally at a quarter past four we had lunch. Bill had been rather difficult to the last. He buttonholed a priest who was coming back with one of the returning streams of pilgrims. When do us Protestants get a chance to eat, father? I dont know anything about it. Havent you got tickets? Its enough to make a man join the Klan, Bill said. The priest looked back at him (Hemingway 93). Michael Campbell, another character in the novel, is a Scottish veteran who is independently wealthy and jobless. Campbell is Lady Ashleys pronounced fiancà © and is horribly jealous of her sexual promiscuity. He does consider himself lucky, however, to be her fiancà © and is willing to overlook her affairs no matter how much they hurt him internally. Robert Cohn, another emigrant character, gives rise to a conflict with his love affliction with Lady Ashley. Robert is also a writer in the click of friends in this novel; Hemingway furthermore establishes a likeness of his own personal experiences in this character and the group of friends he spent time with. Hemingways social circle at this time was his wife, Hadley, his friend Bill Smith, Don Stewart, Harold Loeb, Duff Twysden, and Pat Gutherie (Bloom 25). Hemingway was said to have somewhat of lust affliction toward Twysden but it was unknown if they actually had an affair (Bloom 28). This affection he had toward Duff however did create problems for him. Hemingway later admitted to his publisher that the book was about his own personal experiences. It is a great mistake to put real people in a book and one Ill never make, I hope, again (Baker 215). Lady Brett Ashley, as said before, is a promiscuous woman with an appetite for drunken folly. Her promiscuity and alcoholism creates a conflict in two separate occasions in the novel, of course one between herself and Michael Campbell regarding her liaison with Robert Cohn. The other conflict arises because of Bretts aversion to having an affair with Jake Barnes due to his impotency. The novel is highly centered on drunken follies and Bretts weakness for alcohol and socialization. In each scene of the novel the group is drinking, either social or heavily, or trying to recover from a hangover by drinking more alcohol. The group lives without commitments or boundaries and do whatever comes to mind with no remorse or thought of obligations of loyalty to one another or anyone else. During the 1920s Paris was a focal point for young authors and artists of all sorts, among this congregation of emigrant youth was a spirited American woman named Gertrude Stein. Stein established a famous meeting location where painters and writers such as Picasso, Miro, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway would gather. Hemingway and Fitzgerald met at Steins cafà © to exchange ideas and enjoy the company of one another. Gertrude told Hemingway that he was part of a lost generation, a casual remark, yet one which became world-famous after Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises. This term was coined to describe Americans who served in World War I and felt estranged and social inept in their own nation. All of you young people who served in the war are a lost generationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦You have no respect for anything. You drink yourselves to death (Oliver 25). Needless to say the novels risquà © nature had a propensity of being offensive. After all for the 1920s the words bitch and damn were highly unmentioned. When Max Perkins, Hemingways editor, received the manuscript he was hesitant to print the offensive material but Scribner, Hemingways publisher, insisted it was to remain the way Ernest had intended it. The unbridled rendering of drunkenness, mention of human and animal gentiles, and the profanity alone was enough to have gotten the novel thrown in the trash by any other publisher. Hemingway responded to Perkins by saying, I think that wordsand I will cut anything I canthat are used in conversation in The Sun etc. are justified by tragedy of the story (Baker 211). In a message dated around a month later, Perkins had persuaded Hemingway to refrain from using such atrocious language (Baker 213). When the novel was finally published, the profane nature of the book alone, without the obscene language, was enough for critics to up heave. Critics labeled it as a profanity and the Watch and Ward Society of Boston added the novel to their list of obscene books and requested sellers not to sell the book at all (Baker 215). Hemingways mother, Grace, was among the most offended by the book and wrote her son a letter stating so. Ernest wrote his mother a modest and polite response stating that he didnt wish any pain upon her for reading it and he was not ashamed that he had written it. This novel is intentionally designed for the reader to question Hemingways purpose and intentions. Was the novel truly written to merely express an emigrants perspective in Paris? Or was the novel actually an outright slap in the face toward the American government by depicting drunkenness during the prohibition? At any rate it is a deliberate use of profane language and portrayal of explicit and obscene events for that time period. Hemingway was in no way a conformist even at an early age. In Hemingways new art there was no human experience that was untouchable, no subject matter that was forbidden (Reynolds 210). His mother, Grace Hemingway, stated that Ernest was often times a wayward boy and somewhat of an outcast (Baker 243). Even though the novel received ample negative reviews, The Sun Also Rises went down in history as one of Hemingways best works, a master piece. In 1954, Ernest Hemingway was award the Nobel Prize in Literature. In his acceptance speech he stated a writer should always try for something that has never been done or that others have tried and failed. Then sometimes, with great luck, he will succeed (Hulse par. 8). This novel was definitely the first of its kind, a ground breaker of epic proportions. Like the Americans who migrated to france, the The Sun Also Rises was a pioneer, a leader into the literary unknown. Hemingway is now and forever will be the cherished writer who led the American public into the next wave of unexplored topics. His life was a story in itself that lead to several great novels. In his fiction, the conflicting elements of his personality, the emotional situations which obsess him, are externalized and objectified; and the result is an art which is severe, intense, and deeply serious (Bloom 7). Hemingways career included four marriages (and three divorces); service as an ambulance driver for the Italians in World War I (with an honorable wound); activity as a war correspondent in the Greek-Turkish war (1922), the Spanish Civil War (1937-39), the Chinese-Japanese War (1941) and the War against Hitler in Europe (1944-45). Add big-game hunting and fishing, safaris, expatriation in France and Cuba, bullfighting, the Nobel prize, and the ultimate suicide in Idaho, and you have an absurdly implausible life, apparently lived in imitation of Hemingways own fiction (Baker 5). He is an elegant poet who mourns the self, who celebrates the self (rather less effectively) and who suffers divisions in the self. In the broadest tradition of American literature, he stems ultimately from the Emersonian reliance on the god within, which is the line of Whitman, Thoreau, and Dickenson (Baker 2). In short, Hemingway led a full and beautiful life that will be forever mourned. He is one of the greatest writers in American history acclaimed by many. His life and times will live on forever in his works.

Essay --

a) Economic: Implementation of GST tax has an adverse effect upon the pricing of food. An increase is imminent due to the fact that basic food materials such as sugars and flour faced an increase of price. There are two possible solutions to this; one would be the current solution, which includes methods and studies to reduce the cost and finding methods to attract customers. The difference between KFC franchise and other franchises is the diversity of available menu. I believe that essentially KFC should provide some form of diversity upon its menu, thus for people who can’t purchase those which are expensive, could perhaps purchase food items which are within their budget. In addition to that I suggest that more variety form of cuisines should be introduced and at the same time KFC should be able to retain its originality and symbol. Essentially I believe that the possible way for KFC to counter the increase in price would be to provide better services which would somehow allow the custo mers to compensate the increase in price. Better service extends to possible new menus, bett...

Emerging Markets: Brazil Case Study Essay

I. Summary Brazil’s agricultural advantage stems from its extensive natural resources. The country’s competitors either utilize more supplies or more time in order to yield an amount that can rival Brazil’s production. Although every other country desires the agricultural production capable of Brazil, Brazil‘s government is determined to invest in industrialization in order to modernize its economy. While Brazil has a large amount of natural resources available for use, its government must provide the funding of the growing industrialization, to include: energy, materials, and increased employee earnings. II. Problem Brazil’s success in agriculture is attributed to vast lands, diverse climates, and a large population pool for labor (Brazil Agribusiness Report – Q4 2013, 2013). Without regard to its solid base in agriculture, the Brazilian government is attempting to modernize the economy through industrialization. Alongside this movement comes the â€Å"Brazil† cost: the increased operating cost of energy, raw materials, and wages. Also, in addition to paying more to industrialize, the government compensates domestic, uncompetitive industries enabling the theory of protectionism. III. Effective Solutions/Strategies In response to Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff’s desires to become a world-class manufacturing base, the country can reassess its comparative advantage in agriculture and redirect resources solely to those businesses. According to Brazil Agribusiness Report – Q4 2013, its agricultural production is yielding lower than expected numbers with respect to international standards and, therefore, still has potential for growth. Alternatively, Brazil can strategize by addressing agricultural weaknesses via industrialization. First, seize the opportunity to grow and re-attack infrastructure to promote expansion and competition. Then, allow for raised incomes, as they will decrease farmers’ debts and allow for reinvestment in the economy. Finally, although the â€Å"Brazil cost† will hurt in the short-term, a higher-paid population will result in a hygienic environment  producing greater quality of products. Therefore, previously instated non-tariff barriers due to health concerns will decrease allowing for a greater degree of expansion. IV. Questions for Discussion Why is Brazil’s agriculture so competitive? Why do its manufacturing industries lack competitiveness? Brazil’s agriculture is competitive because its environment contains natural and inexpensive resources that other nations would have to spend extra time and money to produce or acquire. Furthermore, Brazil gained a distinctive comparative advantage in agriculture and livestock by doing away with nontariff barriers and reducing import tariffs on similar products other countries were trying to bring into the country (Brazil: Economic background, 2006). With regard to underdeveloped manufacturing industries, Brazil lacks competitiveness for the same reason its agricultural competitors fall short. The â€Å"Brazil cost† of energy, raw materials, and wages is exponential compared to another nation primed to capitalize on manufacturing. As a result, domestic industrial products are costly compared to international competitors so consumers will frequent the competitor. Why have Brazil’s governments in both the 20th and 21st century been eager to develop world-class manufacturing? According to the closing case, the Brazilian government seeks to modernize its economy through world-class manufacturing. I would argue that the core reason is to achieve globalization through a combination of manufacturing and agriculture. Employing globalization means greater economic growth and standards of living, as well as attracting numerous low-end manufacturing jobs. Therefore, by modernizing its economy, Brazil fortifies its potential as a developed economy, which could launch it onto the global platform for competition in industry. How can Brazil shift some of its resources from uncompetitive industries to competitive industries? Via resource mobility, Brazil can shift resources used in uncompetitive industries to competitive industries in order to bolster the competitive industries’ potential. Furthermore, the government can shift strategic intervention and subsidies from uncompetitive industries to competitive industries. ON ETHICS: While President Rousseff’s critics accuse her of ignoring Brazil’s lack of comparative advantage in manufacturing, her supporters argue that her policies force Brazil to reduce its dependence on  foreign-made manufacturing goods. If you were to participate in this debate, which side would you be on? I would be on the side of her supporters. Through research, I have found that Brazil has extraordinary potential to grow its agricultural sectors through industrialization. By reducing manufacturing imports and producing and employing its own industrial products, Brazil not only increases domestic income and the standard of living, but also solidifies the nation’s comparative advantage in agriculture. Although, I will say that finding the balance between directing resources towards industry versus agriculture will be a delicate quest. References Brazil: Economic background. (2006). (). New York: The Economist Intelligence Unit. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/466598073?accountid=27203 Brazil Agribusiness Report – Q4 2013. (2013). (). London: Business Monitor International. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/docview/1436333107?accountid=27203

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Essay Example

Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Essay Example Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Paper Women and Crime by Frances Heidensohn Paper Women and Crime is written by Frances Heidensohn. The book was published by Macmillan Press LTD and it is the second edition. The main themes in the book are about how women are treated when they commit crime. The book looks at what crimes women commit and how they feel. It studies how the criminal justice and the penal system treat women offenders. It also analyses the deviant image of women and their experiences. The book examines social theories and traditional criminology. As well as exploring modern theories and feminist criminology. The criminal justice chapter tells us that very few women commit crime and there are small numbers who go to prison. Women commit petty crime such as shoplifting and do not really get caught, if they do it is a small number. This is because the role of a woman in society today does not come under committing crime so people pay less attention to women then men when crime is involved. The chapter about images of deviant women is very interesting, this is because it does not look at petty crime which, the reader would expect it to. Instead looks at more serious crime that are committed by women. It looks at crime such as murder like Lizzie Borden who was tried and acquitted of hacking to death her father and her step mother in 1893. Also Mary Ann Cotton convicted of murdering her step son in March 1873. Also moors murders, Myra Hindley who gained a lot publicity from the media because she was a woman who committed murders of young children. This is not expected of a woman because women are protectors of young children. So for example a mother who should look after young children and tell them what is right and wrong and guides them through out life. Not someone who should take life. Feminist criminology says that women crimes were invisible because there was such a small number. Women are also placed in a big stereotype of being in the home and bring up the children. The book also mentions moral panics about women crimes, a good example of this is witchcraft that was amplified because it was women who were doing it and in our society that is not the acceptable role of women. When looking at womens crime prostitution is a big category because it is not morally accepted in society so it is wrong even though people do not look at the economical side of prostitution for most women. In general most women are convicted for prostitution. Another aspect of the book is that of social control and the structure of society. Womens role in society, which has already been mentioned, is to look after the children and take care of the home. There has always been restriction on women because of men making the rules. If children are deviant the mothers always get the blame. Also women carry a double burden of two roles and they gain very little or no help form their husbands or partners. For children women play a significant part in social order in society. The book examines all the stereotypes about women, which are made by society that we live in with regard to crime. The book is everything you need to know about women and crime. It tells you every thing about the law to women experiences. The second chapter of the book is very interesting and has used research of other people very well. It also has extracts from letters about womens experiences that makes it interesting to read, so it uses real life examples. The book also had subheadings within chapters so it is easy to refer to a particular part of the book. The book is for academic readers and not for general reading so it is perfect for a student who is studying women and crime. The layout of the book is excellent because it is easy to refer to some thing like a quote in the book. The book has quotes from other people works and it explains them very well and you know which criminologist said what and what they meant by it. The language of the book is a bit complex and boring. . The language is appropriate to the audience. It uses Standard English so that everyone can understand it. The reader has to read some part of the book again in order to understand it. So it is a heavy book to understand overall. The book has 11 chapters and it has a look of evidence and quotes from other sociologist and criminologist which the author refers to when making a point about women and crime. A disadvantage of the book is that there is too much information in each chapter and it is hard to understand everything that is written. The text size is 12 this is what most people use and is comfortable with. If the writing was bigger then people may think it does not cover the relevant points or if the writing was too small it may put some people off from reading it because it would not be user friendly. However the way the book is set out it is user friendly. The authors extract and quotes are very useful because they demonstrate the points that are made which, also keep you interested in reading it. The text of the book flows well and makes sense. So it is in a logical order. The author look at prostitution a lot and serious crime it does not have much about petty crime which most women are convicted for. This is another disadvantage. The book also is well set out and you know who said what and where the quotes have came from. It also use statistic to illustrate point which are being made and it make it easy to compare men and women in crime they commit. The book also looks at the history of women and crime and how things have changed which makes it easier for the reader to understand what has changed and what is the same. However the book does not compare womens and mens crime so you can not really see how the two genders are treated for the same crimes. Although the book does mention women as victims of crimes but need to go in to depth more. The book does meet it aims which are set so it fulfils the purpose of the book. The book has two additions, the first edition has 10 chapters in it and the second edition has 11. This is because the book has been updated. The second edition also women as victims and what have changed and what has not. The first edition does not look at women as victims so again this is another advantage for the second edition. The book Women and Crime does not actually bring anything new about women committing crime because we already know that women commit less offence then men and most of the offence committed by women are invisible because there is such a small number. However the book does state that a lot more research needs to be done in this area, which is said by feminist criminology. Although the book does consolidate all the information we already know, so it is easier to access, which is helpful. The author does achieve it aims because it tells you all the information about women and crime and the book is good for students studying women and crime. The book is very detailed and there is a lot of information with evidence about women and crime. It is also very slow. At the beginning of the book there are a list of aims which the book meet through out. Each aim that is made in the introduction has been give a lot of detail about it and is usually give a whole chapter on it. In the conclusion the author again tells us what the aims were and how they were meet. The conclusion in the book is well written and summarises what was in the book. So the conclusion is very convincing about the themes which are in the text. The author also hits its target audience which are student and academics who are studying women and crime and has all the relevant information in one book which is very useful to student because it save them time find information from other books. Most students like to use only one book so it is a perfect student text to have. Also the book points out that there is no book called men and crime because all the book about crime have a lot of information about men committing crime and do not really mention women and crime. The book also raises a lot of question that most people would not ask and answers them well. So in conclusion the book overall is a very good student hand book for anyone studying women and crime. It has all the information and more. It contains all the evidence that you need to look for and the work of other criminologist. However the book is a heavy read and you need to concentrate when reading it. So you may need to read it again in order to gain all the information that you need.

Free Essays on Satchmo

. It was said, that he was in the studio and his music fell off the stand so he started to make it up, that when scat music was born. His way of talking affected many singers to come up after 1930, including Bing Crosby, Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra. In addition, Louis Armstrong’s humor and funny ways were popular in jazz with larger audiences. Many teenagers were inspired to take up the trumpet after hearing or seeing him and millions more were introduced to jazz through Armstrong; in later years Louis Armstrong's worldwide tours resulted in him being widely known as "America's goodwill ambassador."(Satchmo, 1998) Louis Armstrong started with t his humble beginnings. Born in New Orleans on Aug. 4, 1901 (until his birth c... Free Essays on Satchmo Free Essays on Satchmo Louis Armstrong â€Å"SATCHMO† Louis Armstrong was the most important and powerful musician in Music history. Although he is often thought of by the public as a lovable, clowning person, a rough-voiced singer who played simple but spectacular trumpet in a New Orleans-styled Dixieland setting, Armstrong was much much more. One of the first soloists on record, Louis was more responsible than anyone else for jazz changing from an ensemble-oriented folk music into an art form that emphasized inventive solo improvisations. His relaxed phrasing was a major change from the staccato style of the early '20s (helping set the stage for the swing era) and Armstrong demonstrated that it was possible to have both impressive style and a strong feeling for the blues. One of jazz's first true stars, his influence over his fellow players was so powerful that nearly every trumpeter to record between 1927 and 1940 sounded to an extent like one of his followers! Louis Armstrong's unique style singing voice was copy by so many of the listeners through the years, he made â€Å"scat singing† popular. By using syllables rhythmically rather than words. It was said, that he was in the studio and his music fell off the stand so he started to make it up, that when scat music was born. His way of talking affected many singers to come up after 1930, including Bing Crosby, Billie Holiday and Frank Sinatra. In addition, Louis Armstrong’s humor and funny ways were popular in jazz with larger audiences. Many teenagers were inspired to take up the trumpet after hearing or seeing him and millions more were introduced to jazz through Armstrong; in later years Louis Armstrong's worldwide tours resulted in him being widely known as "America's goodwill ambassador."(Satchmo, 1998) Louis Armstrong started with t his humble beginnings. Born in New Orleans on Aug. 4, 1901 (until his birth c...

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essays

Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essays Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essay Impacts Of Tourism On Natural Environment And Enhancement Tourism Essay Before lucubrating the relativity of Tourism and environment, it is necessary to understand them individually. Relativity is to separate contrast and characterise between two different values for understanding their dependableness upon each other. Tourism is now a phenomenon, non merely a simple vacation activity. It besides has to be considered that touristry and tourer are two different features. Approaches differentiate consequently and it can be defined harmonizing to both apprehensions: It [ touristry ] is a human activity which encompasses human behavior, usage of resources, and interaction with other people, economic systems and environments. Bull, 1991:1 cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . From mentioned definition touristry is chiefly focused on nature or societal facets, where writer has examined touristry on the footing of environmental features. Another apprehension could be from the personal position of a visitant or tourer, once more i would wish to advert a definition from Holden s authorship ; where he used another writer s definition to distinguish from the old point of position. Tourism as: an attitude to the universe or a manner of seeing the universe, non needfully what we find merely at the terminal of a long and backbreaking journey Franklin, 2003:33 cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . This definition is more individualistic and from the position of a tourer as a individual entity. Here personal experience is more valuable for a consumer. Tourism is non a really old survey for universe but travel rebelliously is. Tourism is more of deriving an exceeding experience than a regular life, while travel can dwell of assorted grounds behind it. But harmonizing to Hunter and Green ( 1995, pp: 1 ) There is no universally accepted definition of touristry. This is non surprising, since what constitutes a tourist and the tourism industry are still affairs of argument. In footings of touristry, Environment is ever understood as a nature or ambiance of a finish or a topographic point which is used for touristry. Nature consists of mountains, H2O resources such as sea side, sea, rivers, waterfalls etc. Green environment includes workss, woods, Parkss, rain forests, safaris etc. when elaborated to wilderness it consists wild life, animate beings, forest species and so on. Socially ; heritage sites or cultural singularity is besides a portion of an environment. In environmental surveies it has normally been assumed that there exists a cardinal connexion between a society s direction of natural resources and its perceptual experience of nature. Brunn and Kalland ( 1995:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) . Environmental surveies and accounts are huge and distributions of its features are important. If we look at it from a different position it seems environment consists of whole universe ( populating or non living existences ) including worlds, animate be ings, workss and resources. From development worlds are utilizing environmental resources. When observed this usage or loss, it is categorised as Environmental survey. Resistance and Resilience are two differentiations in this survey, where Resistance is tolerance of the site ( while acquiring used and still being undisturbed ) and Resilience is the ability to retrieve from the happened loss or alteration. Some sites have either qualities or some non. Hence due to its features, Hunter and Green ( 1995 ) stated that environment can be subdivided into three constituents as the physical environment or a biotic environment which includes solar energy, dirt, H2O and clime . Tourism and Environment are together: It is apprehensible that human engagement with environment tend to utilize the resources, if it ca nt assist to do them turn at least they can be saved from future amendss by usage of intelligent human behavior. Study of touristry environment is about understanding the cause and consequence regulation and to connote theories to protect the environmental loss due to mass touristry. It is besides important that Tourism should put along with the higher quality of environment and environment shall acquire benefit from it non the harm. No uncertainty every human action has its ain pros and cons and breakability of nature resources must non be earnestly harm by it. Tourism is without a uncertainty one of the universe s top profitable industries and pecuniary additions are higher ( whether on the cost of environment ) and relationship between touristry and environment can acquire equilibrate if fiscal net incomes get usage in the preservation plans or environmental sustainability. Impacts of Tourism on environment: All activities consume resources and bring forth waste, perchance all activities have a possible to botch the environment, and in same context Tourism is no exclusion. Tourism has developed as a largest industry and any activity happens at a mass degree decidedly leaves it s positive and negative impacts, such as touristry did in the yesteryear. Although non the instance that every environmental job is produced by touristry but still being a mass industry it affected on a wider platform. Whether its bring forthing a new site or a heritage site used for different prospective, somehow environment is acquiring a difficult clip by this. Tourism has some negative impacts on the environment. By pollution, Numberss of individuals utilizing limited resources, behavior of tourers while on vacations and so on are some of the causes which straight or indirectly affects environment. It may include both physical and cultural facets. Unless pull offing at all degree it is hard to supply specific c onsideration to each resource and this is how this becomes a negative facet towards touristry, environment has to pay such cost by loss to the natural scenes to beaches, coral reefs or heritage sites. Outflow caused by touristry chief concerns faced by touristry trade today. The sewerage waste from tourer resorts are drained into the rivers doing pollution in the river H2O and finally to sea bed, it extremely affects the marine life. Extreme usage of natural resource that is fossil fuel to bring forth energy for tourer activity, the activities of overfishing, unneeded usage of land H2O resources, are merely few of jobs which are created by touristry industry which in bend causes the decrease of the resource. As touristry grows, it besides give custodies to increased littering, assorted signifiers of pollution e.g. noise, H2O, air. Sewage and waste got increased sometimes to unmanageable degrees. Alongside demand for transit gets high and figure of vehicles green goodss legion gases and noise in air. In countries where resources are limited, touristry develops a sense of competition, taking to all kinds of debasement. Positive impacts: But we should non merely see at the dark side of the Moon if touristry has its costs, its wages back every bit good, as touristry grows it decidedly promote several other industries to lift side by side. Whenever a finish is selected to develop as a touristry finish authorities and planning beginnings put attempts for the regeneration of the topographic point. It consists of revival of an country or a site and beautifies the local environment. Thus this procedure brings new colorss to the site. Any critical site when comes under touristry position, its natural resources gets particular attending from the pull offing organic structures, where every bit educated touristry developers knows the value of a natural resource and maintaining this in head they prevent any abuse or harm to it. There is an pressing demand to understand the relationships between tourers, touristry and the environment. Many new signifiers of tourer ingestion revolve around environmental quality and the regard for nature. One more ground for the negative image of touristry might be that it is hard to extricate the impact of touristry from other signifiers of economic activity in certain finish countries . Shaw g. , Williams A.M. ( 2002 ) Numerous illustrations and instance surveies are available where touristry has proven a Jesus to submerging economic systems, along with economical benefits ; it is helpful in urbanization of dead towns. Due to tourism many concerns develop and people get employed, on a societal degree touristry keeps all communities together and connected. Any tourer s societal engagement and wonts are controlled by the behavior in which s/he is coming from and an penetration can be developed in order to derive positive response from tourers. Appropriate educational information system towards environment can be a really utile tool. Alternate touristry is developing: These all are some statements how a new strain of tourers is developing called eco-tourists and sustainability came in visible radiation in 80 s due to antecedently happened mass devastation in environmental resources. Sustainable Development construct came in attending from 1980 s and in March 1980, World Conservation Strategy ( WCS ) was prepared. IUCN, UNEP, WWF, FFO and UNESCO joined custodies for universe s living resources. WCS was a preservation scheme where ecosystem degradation-destruction, deforestation, desertification, pollution, dirt eroding and familial diverseness and extinction of species and many related issues were in treatment. The relationship between economic development and the preservation and nutriment of natural resources is construct of sustainable development. Though these ideas were already in air from many old ages at that clip but WCS discussed many drastic alterations go oning to environment and WCS was proven as a span between anterior ideas and ulterior actions. Another major result was constitution of WCED ( World committee on environment and development ) in 1983, Gro Harlem Brundtland ( PM Norway ) was appointed president for this committee and in 1987 he publicised a study known as Brundtland Report ( Our Common Future ) in which Sustainability were originally popularised Sustainable development is development that meets the demands of the present without compromising the ability of future coevalss to run into their ain demands ( Harmonizing to WCED 1987:43 ) cited in Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998 Surely sustainability consists of scheme devising, saving of ecological procedures, protection of heritage and biodiversity, futuristic focused productiveness and balance between societal behavior and environment. Along with the planetary credence of International touristry, sustainability besides got recognised as a cardinal component towards long term good policies along with salvaging limited resources. Destination countries have developed to suit all these travelers, and having them and providing their demands has besides become portion of a day-to-day modus operandi. Development is a extremely contested construct and since the Second World War debates over what it is, and how to accomplish it, has gone through a figure of stages. International touristry has been a planetary phenomenon from centuries, but that packaging of touristry for mass ingestion dates back to the mid-19th century, when a specific service sector devoted to the mass ingestion of travel emerged, approximately parallel to the development of mass production in the industrial sector . Harrison, D. ( ed. ) ( 2001 ) As people are non tends to be flexible when it comes to implementing regulations and ordinance, particularly when visitants are on vacations, Author B Wheeller describes in his words. And what kind of touristic attack is needed is Tourism at one with nature ; non-consumption, non-exploitative, avoiding debasement and devastation of the environment , but instead touristry in harmoniousness, in balance with nature Wheeller, B. ( 1994 ) Based upon the statements and codes-of-conduct developed by touristry stakeholders, that the environment has been placed on the lineation as a major concern of how touristry is to be developed potentially. Academic Mentions: Brunn and Kalland ( 1995:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Bull ( 1991:1 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Franklin ( 2003:33 ) cited in Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge ) Hall, C.M. and Lew, A.A. 1998. The geographics of sustainable touristry development: an debut. Harlean carpenter: Longman. Harrison, D. ( ed. ) ( 2001 ) Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies. Wallingford: CABI. Ch. 1. Holden, A. ( 2008 ) Environment and Tourism ( 2nd edition ) , Routledge. Hunter, C. and Green, H. ( 1995 ) Tourism and the Environment: A sustainable relationship? Routledge, London. Shaw G. , Williams A.M. ( 2002 ) 2nd erectile dysfunction. Critical issues in touristry: a geographical position: Oxford. Wheeller, B. ( 1994 ) Egotourism, sustainable touristry and the environment: a symbiotic, symbolic or shambolic relationship? in A.V. Seaton et al. , explosive detection systems. Tourism: The State of the Art, Wiley, Chichester.

Communicable Diseases Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Communicable Diseases - Research Paper Example These improvements were still strong up to one year following the program, and suggest that community organizations can effectively deliver sexual disease prevention programs. Further research will be needed to expand the concept to a larger portion of the population. The consequences of interactions between HIV, other STDs, and genital inflammation on infection transmission is the topic of study in a 2011 article by Mayer and Venkatesh. This review includes several clinical studies and meta-analyses on the topic and offers a brief summary of each. It is observed that the current approach to STD related HIV interventions is inadequate. STDs are certainly linked to higher HIV acquisition risks, but the data shows that treating the STD alone is not enough to reduce the threat. Instead, it is suggested that the genital tract damage and inflammation that can result from STDs is the key factor in increasing the risk for contracting HIV. The authors conclude by suggesting that a more robust method is needed in these situations, and it should address genital tract damage and the presence of other pathogens along with delivering direct STD

Mattel's China experience Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mattel's China experience - Case Study Example For toys produced at company-run plants, Mattel has greater control over the materials that are used and the processes that are enacted during the production process. This is unlike contract manufacturers, who have somewhat of a free reign to do as they please. Materials are not tested before use and assembly plants are not regularly inspected with contract manufacturers. Even though Mattel hired independent investigators to check that materials and processes were up to standard, they were not able to detect any lead contamination in the paint used on toys. From a policy/audit standpoint, Mattel could have been more thorough in its investigations. First of all, the company could have appointed in-house inspectors to check that the toys met health and safety standards before the independent investigators were brought in. Having two sets of checks allows each report to be matched up and discrepancies found. Also, for the toys produced by contract manufacturers, additional testing shoul d have been completed to ensure that no lead was found in any products. Instead of just checking the products at the factories in China, another check should be made on all products when entering the United States. For a company that prides itself and safety and trust, it did not seem to have robust processes to check for product quality. In his media interview, senior vice-president Jim Walter said that manufacturing partners were required to use paint from approved and certified suppliers, but obviously this was not the case. If Mattel chooses to continue with using contract manufacturers, then the materials to be used should be sourced by Mattel and sent directly to the manufacturing partner. Mattel has very little control over the production processes used to make toys in those factories, but what it can do is conduct a thorough check of every toy that is produced by that method. 2. Assess Mattel’s performance during the toy recall process. How did the firm do with addres sing the concerns of various stakeholders? I feel that Mattel performed admirably in an almost impossible situation. The company was caught by surprise by the scandal and was forced to take retrospective action. Jim Walter gave a media interview that suggested at potential quality problems, but the company did put out a press release owning up to the problem. The company did not hide from this situation and chose to conduct a thorough investigation. This led to more discoveries of unsafe products, so it was a good thing that the company was quick to act. Although the was alarm from Americans, Robert Eckert did testify to the House Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Eckert was apologetic in his tone, but he did stress that this was the first quality issue stemming from China in more than 20 years of production there. Perhaps the one stakeholder that Mattel did not adequately address was the stock market, as the company's share price dropped massively as a result. Consumers did threaten to boycott the company's products initially, but the fact that the company was so quick to recall products allayed those concerns. 3. Going forward, how can Mattel recover from parental fears of unsafe toys produced by Mattel? What can the firm do to recover a positive reputation? First of all, it is going to take some time to recover from the

BUDGETING Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BUDGETING - Coursework Example Business planning, being one of the internal processes, can be made more successful if the business prevents any implications and problems in its projects and practices its being planning about. Budgeting helps these processes in the most effective way by managing the cash flow and helps you to decide when to invest in which project you have planned at the right time which will produce the best results. All during the business planning, a budget plans helps to control the finances, gives you assurance whether you can fulfill your ongoing commitments or not, helps you to decide the best financial decision which fulfills your objectives and last but not the least, it helps to plan and gives you estimation regarding the money you can spend on your future expansionary plans. Budgeting should not be mixed with the forecasting because unlike a forecast, budgeting is a ‘planned’ outcome which the business thrives to get to its achievement (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). When it c omes to business planning, it also includes one of the most technical business tasks which is decision making. Budgeting improves this decision making process because it gives you a clear cut idea that which plan is practical and which can be fulfilled with the finance in hand. With the help of effective budgeting skill, a business can never run out of cash or even some issues are detected in cash flow, they can be easily found out and fixed before time. This clearly gives a deep understanding about the relationship between budgeting and business planning (Peterson and Fabozzi, 2002). These two benefits the business if done effectively and efficiently together. Budgeting being the provider of control and accountability over the finances and revenues of the business, aid business planning and make it successful. The reasons behind a planning are fulfilled with the help of making a budget but it never helps the most when it comes to business control. This is an entirely different thin g and cannot be related with budgeting. The above explanation illustrates how budgeting can be a great help in planning and it’s actually doesn’t play any vital role in business control. With the help of Capital budgeting, evaluation of investment proposals can be done easily in the best possible way. Such type of budgeting actually helps a business to decide which proposal should be ranked first so that it can be undertaken and investment can be made on it. For any investment, a business needs a proper financial plan because it will be business’s finances and capital returns which will be invested and benefits in the future will be gained and as budgeting is a part of financial planning, so without it, an investment proposal cannot be evaluated (Wildavsky, 1996). When it comes to evaluation, the first thing to do is to come up with all the possible strengths and weaknesses of a specific proposal, and when it comes to investment, business has to be really carefu l and should dream of only fulfilling those proposals which can be undertaken and comes in the boundary of business’s finances. In capital budgeting, the speed of evaluation process gets geared up as by using this method; those proposals are top ranked which include no real choice for example replacing a leaking sewer line with an updated one, as this one will remove any

Compare and contrast two developmental approaches to the study of Essay

Compare and contrast two developmental approaches to the study of developmental psychology. You must refer to research and theory in your answer - Essay Example Contrastingly, developmental psychologists who emphasized learning theories, such as Lev Vygotsky, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura focus on the role of environment more than on the part played by biology. The diverse theories are based on different assumptions, but are similar in some respects (Sigelman & Rider, 2006: 49). The two developmental approaches which are chosen for comparison in this paper are those of Erikson (1902-1994) and Piaget (1896-1987). The similarities and differences between their theories will be examined, including the extent to which nature versus nurture play a part. On the nature side of the nature-nurture controversy, the nativist belief is that human development is determined by innate factors such as genetic endowment and brain maturation. On the nurture side, also known as empirism, development is considered as the result of experience and learning. Although there are some biologically based limits on behaviour and cognition, the â€Å"brains are open, dynamic information processors that are receptive to sociocultural influences† (Kitayama & Cohen, 2007: 528). According to Jean Piaget’s theory, the development of intelligence in children progresses through a series of four stages based on age and concurrent biological changes and maturation. This leads to the child demonstrating a higher level of cognitive functioning at each successive stage, as compared to the previous stage (Videbeck, 2007: 61). The stages of development are not universal, since cultural differences exist. However, the mechanisms that underlie cognitive development are considered to be universal (Pressley & McCormick, 2007: 89). 1. The sensorimotor stage: This extends from birth to two years. The child develops a sense of self, differentiated from the environment, and develops the concept of object permanence. That is, a perception of the existence of tangible objects even

Whole Foods are Cause Related and not Strategic Philanthropy Case Study

Whole Foods are Cause Related and not Strategic Philanthropy - Case Study Example The company also started selling its own private labels that included its everyday value, whole Market, and whole kitchen that helped their customers to cut their budget (Ferrell 526). The company puts into consideration all their stakeholder's health and well-being. Its mission statement emphasizes the need for them providing the highest quality natural and organic products. It believes that satisfying their customers and employees creates wealth for shareholders. It allows free sampling to their customer that enables the customers to try their products. The employees treat their customers as the part of their families, and this attracts them. The company also uses social media to strengthen their relationship with their clients. After the company had made some mistakes, it resolved to rectify by hiring Health Eating Specialists who began posting information on its website to educate consumers on healthy eating habits. The company also allows the employees to form unions if they wis h to have one (Ferrell 527). The laws require all companies to provide quality foods to their customers, whole foods ensures that it gives their customers high-quality products. The company labels those foods that are genetically modified though this is not required by law, and this indicates their commitment to their customer health; in turn, this has led to the company gaining the trust of their clients. By providing high-quality products, the company attracts more customers, and this leads to its growth. The company pays better wages and working conditions for their workers, which ensures high performance (Ferrell 529). The decision to investing in solar installation is ethical since it allows the company to reduce its environmental impact. Solar energy installation prevents 1650 tons of carbon dioxide from being emitted into the atmosphere. Solar is a renewable source of energy, and this ensures that there is a clean supply of energy all the time (Ferrell 532).

Prison Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison Gangs - Essay Example The violence might be the cause of this gender based bias. Men tend to be more violent in prison than women. The need to join a gang for protection becomes a necessity in a male prison due to the excessive violence. In the end, prison gangs are dictated by race, class, and gender. Gangs emerged on the street during the sixties and seventies. At first gangs were like formed like the Guardian Angels in New York City. Gangs developed out of the Civil Rights Movement ironically. Black Panthers and other minority groups formed gangs to patrol their neighborhoods against corrupt officers that would lynch and kill in the aftermath of the African American’s victory of the Civil Rights Movement. White bikers formed clubs (gangs) after returning from the Vietnam War, they wanted to get together drink and forget the war. When the drug trade was introduced in the late seventies and early eighties, gangs became the gun toting, drug dealing and violent criminals that are known today. Despite law enforcements gang unit and suppression measures, gangs are still a major problem across the United States. One problem of trying to suppress gangs is the availability of new recruits. One scholarly paper suggests: Another consequence of suppression efforts is that such efforts may promote substitution effects, whereby the removed gang member is simply replaced by another gang associate or recruit. Still yet, the use of suppression efforts may lead to an over-reliance on these measures and may mask other appropriate but less intensive alternatives to deal with gang members. (Trulson, Marquart, and Kawucha 2008) Gang units arrest gang members, normally resulting in long prison terms. The gang members taken off the street continue to live the gang lifestyle in prison. Thus law enforcement has to have strategies on the streets and behind prison walls. Race is the number one factor in male prison gangs. Gang membership is considered on a race basis. The Aryan

Compare and contrast two developmental approaches to the study of Essay

Compare and contrast two developmental approaches to the study of developmental psychology. You must refer to research and theory in your answer - Essay Example Contrastingly, developmental psychologists who emphasized learning theories, such as Lev Vygotsky, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Albert Bandura focus on the role of environment more than on the part played by biology. The diverse theories are based on different assumptions, but are similar in some respects (Sigelman & Rider, 2006: 49). The two developmental approaches which are chosen for comparison in this paper are those of Erikson (1902-1994) and Piaget (1896-1987). The similarities and differences between their theories will be examined, including the extent to which nature versus nurture play a part. On the nature side of the nature-nurture controversy, the nativist belief is that human development is determined by innate factors such as genetic endowment and brain maturation. On the nurture side, also known as empirism, development is considered as the result of experience and learning. Although there are some biologically based limits on behaviour and cognition, the â€Å"brains are open, dynamic information processors that are receptive to sociocultural influences† (Kitayama & Cohen, 2007: 528). According to Jean Piaget’s theory, the development of intelligence in children progresses through a series of four stages based on age and concurrent biological changes and maturation. This leads to the child demonstrating a higher level of cognitive functioning at each successive stage, as compared to the previous stage (Videbeck, 2007: 61). The stages of development are not universal, since cultural differences exist. However, the mechanisms that underlie cognitive development are considered to be universal (Pressley & McCormick, 2007: 89). 1. The sensorimotor stage: This extends from birth to two years. The child develops a sense of self, differentiated from the environment, and develops the concept of object permanence. That is, a perception of the existence of tangible objects even

Prison Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison Gangs - Essay Example The violence might be the cause of this gender based bias. Men tend to be more violent in prison than women. The need to join a gang for protection becomes a necessity in a male prison due to the excessive violence. In the end, prison gangs are dictated by race, class, and gender. Gangs emerged on the street during the sixties and seventies. At first gangs were like formed like the Guardian Angels in New York City. Gangs developed out of the Civil Rights Movement ironically. Black Panthers and other minority groups formed gangs to patrol their neighborhoods against corrupt officers that would lynch and kill in the aftermath of the African American’s victory of the Civil Rights Movement. White bikers formed clubs (gangs) after returning from the Vietnam War, they wanted to get together drink and forget the war. When the drug trade was introduced in the late seventies and early eighties, gangs became the gun toting, drug dealing and violent criminals that are known today. Despite law enforcements gang unit and suppression measures, gangs are still a major problem across the United States. One problem of trying to suppress gangs is the availability of new recruits. One scholarly paper suggests: Another consequence of suppression efforts is that such efforts may promote substitution effects, whereby the removed gang member is simply replaced by another gang associate or recruit. Still yet, the use of suppression efforts may lead to an over-reliance on these measures and may mask other appropriate but less intensive alternatives to deal with gang members. (Trulson, Marquart, and Kawucha 2008) Gang units arrest gang members, normally resulting in long prison terms. The gang members taken off the street continue to live the gang lifestyle in prison. Thus law enforcement has to have strategies on the streets and behind prison walls. Race is the number one factor in male prison gangs. Gang membership is considered on a race basis. The Aryan

Bibliography of Famous Authors Essay Example for Free

Bibliography of Famous Authors Essay In this article by Robert Scholes, it talks about the hope and memory in My Antonia. He says the characters find themselves by looking back at the past. He said â€Å"we are reminded of this past constantly: by the Bohemian customs and culinary practices of the Shimerdas; by the observations of Otto Fuch on the relationship of Austrians and Bohemians I the old country; and especially by the Catholic religion of the Bohemians, which is their strongest link with the past, and which serves to bind them together and to separate them from the protestant society of their adopted and†¦Antonia cherishes her connection with the past† it talks about the characters and their past and how it has impacted their lives. I will use this to tie back into my thesis because this is basically what my whole paper is about. My paper based on the character’s past and how it impacts them later in life. The article talks a lot of the past memories that I can use in my research paper. Lucenti, Lisa Marie. â€Å"Willa Cathers My Antonia: Haunting the Houses of Memory.† Twentieth Century   Literature 46 (2000): Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS Library, 18 April 2011 (#33 a work from an online service to which your library subscribes) This article analyzes My Antonia and it’s theme of memory and how it haunts some of the characters. It talks about the story of the wolves and how its haunted Peter and Pavel and how that brings gothic to the story. It also tells why Cather included some of the memories that she did in the novel. It tells the importance of those memories to the characters. I will talk about the memories it mentions and how they are important to the story and to the characters lives. Their past is what makes them who they are and it is important to mention why they are so important to them. This article analyzes the theme and I can use some of that information to help with my argument. Meeker, Joseph W. â€Å"Willa Cather: The Plow and The Pen† Willa Cather’s Ecological Imagination. Ed. Susan Rosowski. Volume 5. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 1986. (#18 a selection from an anthropology) In this article, Meeker talks about the symbols mentioned in Cather’s novels. It talks about the plow and the landscape in My Antonia. It also talks about how some of the symbols represent the past. The article mentioned imagery throughout the novel and how the Nebraska plains had an impact on Jim. It also mentioned some of the imagery in O Pioneers! and other novels by Cather. I will use the information to help support my thesis on the symbols and theme and how it impacts the characters in the novel. In the article when it talks about the land and how it ties back to the past, I will use that to help my thesis. It has very good detail on everything represented in the novel and it will help me develop my paragraphs on symbolism. Gross, Jonathan D. â€Å"Recollecting Emotion in Tranquility: Wordsworth and Byron in Cathers My à ntonia   and Lucy Gayheart† Cather Studies 7 (2007): Literary Reference Center, Galileo. MPHS Library 18 April 2011 (#33 a work from an online service to which your library subscribes) This article compares My Antonia with novels from Wordsworth and Byron. They all share similar qualities in their writings. In this article it talks about theme and symbols in My Antonia. In both My Antonia and in â€Å"Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey†, they talk about the theme of nature and how it impacts the characters. This whole article compares My Antonia to other works by Cather, Wordsworth, and Byron. I will use the information about the theme of nature and symbols mentioned in the article. There’s not a whole lot I can use on My Antonia but it has good information about theme and symbols throughout out the novel. It talks about how Cather focused on landscape and sensitivity of the reader to relate the past. Hallgarth, Susan A. â€Å"Archetypal Patterns in Shadows on the Rock†. Colby Quarterly 24 (1988): 2-4. (#22 An article in a journal with continuous pagination throughout the annual volume) In this article, it talks about symbols and how they represent something in the novel. It talks about how shadows are a repeated pattern in My Antonia and how Antonia breaking away from her mother is a symbol of her going through a new beginning. It compared symbols in My Antonia to some in Death Comes for the Archbishop and how they relate to one another. In the article it says â€Å" Burdens discovery of pastness in the present allows him to see Antonia as all the ‘image’ which do not fade and herself, a ‘battered woman’ (MA, 352, 353). So I will use that in the paragraph I will have talking about how the past still reminds him of Antonia because his childhood is basically Antonia. All of his memories remind Jim of her because she is a big part in his past.

The Lamb and the Tyger Analysis

The Lamb and the Tyger Analysis William Blake was an 18th century visionary, poet, mystic, and artist. Blakes romantic style of writing allowed him to create contrasting views as those in The Lamb and The Tyger. From a young age Blake used his imagination that was frowned upon and unfortunately was never greatly appreciated during his lifetime. William Blake believed that it was the chief function of art to reveal the truth of the spiritual world by liberating imagination (Bowman 53). It wasnt until after Blakes death that his work finally received some attention. Known as a romantic, Blake continued throughout his writing to radically question religion and politics; He was very critical of the church, putting forth the effort to attack and question it. Blake put his own insight into his poems to raise the public awareness in a personal attempt to seek the truth. Perhaps he is most famous for his creative and simplistic Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience that influenced the other Romantic poets with themes of good and evil, heaven and hell, and knowledge and innocence. With regards to religion, William Blake opposed the views of the Christian church and its standardized system. Blake, having more of a spiritual position than a religious one, considered himself as a monistic Gnostic, meaning that he believed what saved a persons soul was not faith but knowledge (Harris 1). Blakes view of religion was considered blasphemous, and in his works he was concerned with the character of individual faith than with the institution of the Church, its role in politics, and its effects on society and the individual mind (SparkNotes Editors 1). Blakes The Lamb and The Tyger is more suggestive to the nature of God. The idea is that the same God who made the lamb also made the tiger, so unless it is suggested that God created evil, then the tiger must not be evil. The fact that the same God created both the lamb and tiger suggest that they just represent two different sides of God: Two different aspects of existence. Blakes perception of good and evil isnt just one extreme to the other, instead, the ambiguity of evil isnt evil; it is just the other side of good. Blake technically didnt believe in a dichotomy, the division into two usually contradictory parts or opinions. Blake portrays his argument that a human being cannot be completely good or completely evil. This trait does not exist within human beings, and therefore does not exist in God. The other writers and minds of the 18th century were mainly deists, the belief based solely on reason. They did not show interest in the nature of God as Blake did, instead, reason was their god. In the poem The Lamb, William Blake incorporates his unique style through the use of religious symbolism, creative lines, and simple patterns. The Lamb was a part of a series of poems called the Songs of Innocence that was published in 1789. Poems that were more simplistic in style and nature became more contrition and prophetic in Songs of Experience. Through simplistic structure, he chose the narrator of a child, as in this poem, told through childlike eyes, speaking of the innocence in all of human life, and that the lamb is Christ, marveling over Gods creations. The dramatic perspectives and continual allusiveness of the lyrics in The Lamb have shown to be a key factor in Blakes writing and have been interpreted and reinterpreted by critics and readers ever since Blakes death. Blake utilizes his rhetoric genius by symbolically expressing the appearance of the lamb to that of the nature of God. Within the poem, Blake brings up an interesting concept by stating, He is called by thy name / For he calls himself a Lamb, the lamb not only suggest innocence and the meaning of life, but at the same time conveys the theme that Christ is the lamb (Blake 662). The poem comments on how he is meek and he is mild, thus giving God the characteristics of goodness and purity (Blake 662). This gives a varying contrast to Blakes poem The Tyger as it advocates the speculation of evil. William Blakes, The Tyger, is the poetic counterpart to the Lamb of Innocence from his previous work, Songs of Innocence, thus creating the expression of innocence versus experience What immortal hand or eye / Dare frame thy fearful symmetry (Blake 770). The Tyger is part of the continued series of lyrics titled Songs of Experience that was published in 1794, as a response to the Songs of Innocence. The Songs of Experience are interpreted as the child, conveyed in Songs of Innocence, matures to adulthood and is molded by the harsh experiences and negative forces that reality has on human life, thus shows the destructiveness of the tiger. Blake utilizes his deceptively complex ideas, symbolism, and his allusiveness to portray the essence of evil in The Tyger. Blake uses tyger instead of tiger because it refers to any kind of wild, ferocious cat. The symbolism of the hammer, chain, furnace, and anvil all portray the image of the blacksmith, one of the main central themes in this poem ( Blake 769). William Blake personifies the blacksmith to God, the creator, and Blake himself. The Tyger is about having your reason overwhelmed at once by the beauty and horror of the natural world (Friedlander 1). When the stars threw down their spears / And waterd heaven with their tears (Blake 770). For Blake, the stars represent cold reason and objective science (Friedlander 1). In retrospect, the creation of the tiger represents transcendent mystery and direct reference to the lamb Did he who made the Lamb make thee (Blake 770). The Lamb and the Tyger are polar opposites of each other, one representing the fear of God and the other representing faith or praise of God through nature. As a child one is more like the lamb, innocent and more pure, and as they mature they earn their stripes and become aged and mature by societal tendencies of life like the tiger. The irony in the Songs of Innocence in contrast with the Songs of Experience is that they are opposites but seem to bounce off one another. They both have the same creator, both God and Blake, and suggest morals of good and evil. They are each on the extreme ends of the spirituality spectrum and in the middle is humanity, but you cant have one without the other. In order to have good you have to balance it out with evil, in a sense where good isnt just good, it is the other side of evil, and where evil is the other side of good.

East-West Values and the Mother-daughter Relationship in Amy Tans The

East-West Values and the Mother-daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club      Ã‚  Ã‚   The dominant theme of The Joy Luck Club is the clash between Chinese, American cultures, and how it affects the relationship between mothers and daughters. All of the mothers in the book were born and raised in China. All of their daughters were born and raised in the United States. Because of the differences in family traditions and values between the way the mothers had been raised in China and the way their daughters were growing up in America, there was bound to be a clash between the two generations. Perhaps the most dramatic example of how East-West conflicting traditions and values affected a mother-daughter relationship was that of Suyuan Woo and her daughter, Jing-mei.       When the book opens, Suyuan has been dead for two months. Her daughter, who prefers to call herself by the American name of "June" rather than her Chinese name, has been asked by her father to take her dead mother's place. She was to take Suyuan's place in a club Suyuan started when she moved to America. June was to be the fourth member of this club, which was hosted at one of the member's homes each session and the group played mahjong and provided strength for each other in their transition to becoming Americanized. Over the course of the next few months, through the conversations and stories told by her mother's old friends at the mahjong table, June learns a great deal about her mother, and, ultimately, about herself as well.    One of the conflicts between East and West is clash between the hard work ethic of Asian parents and the easier-going standards that Western parents have for their children. Watching a little Chinese girl playing the p... ...5.    Heung, Marina. "Daughter-Text/Mother-Text: Matrilineage in Amy Tan's The Joy Luck Club." Feminist Studies (Fall 1993): 597-616.    Hagedorn, Jessica. "Asian Women in Film: No Joy, No Luck." Signs of Life in the USA. 2nd. ed. Ed. Sonia Maasik and Jack Solomon. New York: Bedford, 1997. 306-14.    Huntley, E. D. Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Westport: Greenwood P, 1998.    Ling, Amy. Between Worlds: Women Writers of Chinese Ancestry. New York: Pergamon, 1990.    Shear, Walter. "Generational differences and the diaspora in The Joy Luck Club." Women Writers. 34.3 (Spring 1993): 193    Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc., 1991..    Wong, Sau-ling Cynthia. Reading Asian American Literature: From Necessity to Extravagance. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1993

Wal-Mart SWOT Analysis :: essays research papers

Rochester Area Habitat for Humanity The community project selected by our cohort was the Area Habitat for Humanity (AHH). Out of several options, this project was picked on the basis of task verity, task arrangement, and task schedule. A contingency project was also selected at that time. Mission of RAHH is to create and provide affordable homes for low income families. RAHH selects eight to ten families out of hundreds that apply on the basis of income level, credit worthiness, and family size each year. Each adult member of the selected families requires to spend 250 hours in home construction and 35 hours in classroom training on home maintenance. A typical house that RAHH builds is comprised of four bed rooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen, a dinning room, a living room, and a garage. The average cost of building each house is about $60000. A finished house can get appraised up to $150000. The house we were selected for our project is located in the North-East. We started the project at about 9:00am on Saturday. Trent Frugal, a member of the RAHH, provided us with a short orientation. In this orientation, we learnt about the RAHH value and the proper process, procedure, and needed precautionary measurement in doing our task. Our task for the day was to put sheetrock on the wall and on the ceiling. Two of eight cohort members had some previous experience in sheetrocking. We divided ourselves into two groups by having one of the experience sheetrockers in each group. The whole effort was based on collaboration and was driven by consensus. Members of the group that I worked with were good hearted, friendly, cooperative. Each of us acted as a true team player by providing opinions, suggestions, and sharing knowledge with in the group. Our task was to scale, cut, and fasten the sheetrock in the wall and the ceiling. A volunteer who was not part of our cohort, an expert builder, was with us to provide some guidance as needed. This provided guidance helped us identify the right materials and the process to complete the task. In doing the sheetrocking task, I quickly learnt the importance of having a cohesive and harmonious team. The whole opportunity was a great learning experience for me.

Hr Maxa

Training and Developing Employees Multiple Choice 1. _____ provides new employees with the basic background information required to perform their jobs satisfactorily. a. Employee recruitment b. Employee selection c. Employee orientation d. Employee development e. Training (c; easy; p. 268) 2. Orientation typically includes information on _____. a. employee benefits b. personnel policies c. daily routine d. safety measures e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 268) 3. The methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs are called _____. a. orientation b. training c. development d. ppraisal e. management (b; easy; p. 270) 4. Employers use a(n) _____ to ensure that employees are working toward organizational goals. a. performance management process b. employee orientation program c. management by objectives program d. rewards program e. just-in-time system (a; moderate; p. 270)5. Which of the following has the highest influence on organizational effec tiveness? a. appraisal b. feedback c. training d. goal-setting e. technology (d; moderate; p. 270) 6. The first step in a training program is to _____. a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience . design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (d; moderate; p. 270) 7. What is the second step in the training process? a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (c; moderate; p. 270) 8. The third step in the training process is to _____. a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. rain the targeted group of employees (b; moderate; p. 270) 9. The fourth step in the training process is to _____. a. assess the prog ram’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (e; moderate; p. 270) 10. What is the final step in the training process? a. assess the program’s successes or failures b. present the program to a small test audience c. design the program content d. conduct a needs analysis e. train the targeted group of employees (a; moderate; p. 270) 11.James is currently identifying the specific job performance skills needed, analyzing the skills of prospective trainees, and developing knowledge and performance objectives based on the deficiencies he finds. James is working on the _____ step in the training and development process. a. first b. second c. third d. fourth e. fifth (a; moderate; p. 270) 12. Which of the following is not a consideration when designing a training program that motivates the trainees? a. provide the opportunity to apply the material b. provide prompt feedback c. utilize a half or three-fourths day schedule d. pay the trainees for the time spent in training . allow trainees to set their own pace (d; moderate; p. 271) 13. Which of the following is recommended for training sessions to maximize learning? a. a full day b. a half-day c. one hour d. three hours e. two hours (b; moderate; p. 272) 14. If an employer fails to train an employee adequately and an employee subsequently does harm to a third party, the court could find the employer liable for ____. a. negligent hiring b. discrimination c. negligent trainingd. occupational fraud e. adverse action (c; moderate; p. 272) 15. Which of the following steps will not help employers protect themselves against charges of negligent training? . confirm employee claims of skill and experience b. provide extensive training c. evaluate the degree to which training lowers risks associated with job d. pay employees for time spent in training e. all of the above will help emplo yers protect themselves (d; difficult; p. 272) 16. Under which situation below, should an employer pay an employee for time spent in training? a. the training program is voluntary b. the training program is directly related to the trainee’s job c. the trainee does not perform any productive work during the program d. he training program is conducted outside working hours e. the training provides no immediate benefit to the employer (b; difficult; p. 273) 17. _____ is a detailed study of the job to determine what specific skills the job requires. a. Needs analysis b. Task analysis c. Performance analysis d. Training strategy e. Development planning (b; easy; p. 273) 18. Employers can supplement the job description and specification with a _____ that consolidates information regarding required tasks and skills in a format that is helpful for determining training requirements. a. erformance record form b. training assessment form c. task analysis record form d. skill sheet e. wo rk function analysis (c; moderate; p. 273) 19. A task analysis record form contains all of the following information except a. task list b. required skill set c. quality of performanced. employee name e. performance conditions (d; moderate; p. 273) 20. Employers can identify training needs for new employees by _____. a. reviewing job descriptions b. reviewing performance standards c. performing the job d. questioning current job holders e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 73) 21. The process of verifying that there is a performance deficiency and determining if such deficiency should be corrected through training or through some other means is called _____. a. needs analysis b. task analysis c. performance analysis d. training strategy e. development planning (c; moderate; p. 273) 22. The first step in a performance analysis is to _____. a. compare the person’s performance to ideal performance b. evaluate productivity per employee c. assess number of employee-related customer co mplaints d. evaluate supervisor performance reviews e. onduct tests of job knowledge (a; moderate; p. 273) 23. Sources of performance deficiencies in an employee may develop from a lack of _____. a. training b. supplies c. support systems d. rewards e. all of the above (e; moderate; p. 273) 24. _____ means having a person learn a job by actually doing it. a. Practice b. On-the-job training c. Socialization d. Social learning e. Modeling (b; easy; p. 275) 25. Which of the following training methods is the most popular? a. on-the-job training b. apprenticeship training c. informal learning d. job instruction training e. lectures (a; moderate; p. 275) 26.On-the-job training can be accomplished through the use of all of the following techniques except a. coaching b. programmed learning c. understudy d. job rotation e. special assignments (b; moderate; p. 275) 27. Rebekah was hired soon after graduation and assigned to complete a management trainee program. She will move to various jobs each month for a nine-month period of time. Her employer is utilizing the _____ form of training. a. job rotation b. understudy c. coaching d. special assignments e. informal learning (a; moderate; p. 275) 28. Jack hopes to be promoted to head of his department next year.In the meantime, he has been assigned to spend a year as assistant to the current department head. This is an example of the _____ form of training. a. job rotation b. job instruction c. coaching d. special assignments e. informal learning (c; moderate; p. 275) 29. Which of the following guidelines is intended to â€Å"Prepare the Learner† for success using on-the-job training? a. explain performance quality requirements b. go through the job at the normal work pace c. designate to whom the learner should go for help d. familiarize the worker with equipment, materials, and tools e. compliment good work (d; moderate; p. 276) 0. Which of the following guidelines is intended to â€Å"Present the Operation† when taking the steps for success using on-the-job training? a. put the learner at ease b. have the learner explain the steps as the trainer goes through the job at a slow pace c. explain the whole job d. create interest in the job e. compliment good work (b; moderate; p. 276) 31. The â€Å"Do a Tryout† step for success when using on-the-job training entails all of the following except _____. a. finding out what the learner already knows about this job b. having the learner go through the job several times while explaining each step c. unning the job at the normal pace d. having the learner do the job while gradually building up skill and speed e. correcting mistakes as the learner goes through the job (a; moderate; p. 276) 32. Which of the following is not part of the â€Å"Follow Up† step in ensuring success from on-the-job training? a. decrease supervision b. correct faulty work patterns c. explain quantity and quality requirements d. designate to whom the learner should go for help e. compliment good work (c; moderate; p. 276) 33. The first step to ensuring success for on-the-job training programs is to _____. a. present the operation b. ollow up c. do a tryout d. prepare the learner e. evaluate the program (d; easy; p. 276) 34. When low expectations on the trainer’s part translate into poor trainee performance, this is called the _____. a. golem effect b. expectations fallacy c. what you ask for is what you get effect d. expectancy risk e. trainer bias (a; moderate; p. 275) 35. A structured process by which people become skilled workers through a combination of classroom instruction and on-the-job training is called _____. a. job instruction training b. understudy training c. programmed learning d. apprenticeship training e. coaching (d; easy; p. 276) 6. Which form of on-the-job training usually involves having a learner study under the tutelage of a master craftsperson? a. job instruction training b. understudy training c. programm ed learning d. apprenticeship training e. coaching (d; easy; p. 276) 37. All of the following occupations except _____ use apprenticeship training to prepare trainees. a. cook b. electrician c. millwright d. operating engineer e. teacher (e; moderate; p. 276) 38. When jobs consist of a logical sequence of steps and are best taught step-by-step, the appropriate training method to use is _____. a. job instruction training b. informal learning . job rotation d. programmed learning e. apprenticeship training (a; moderate; p. 277) 39. The first step in using a job instruction training program is to _____. a. prepare the worker b. list all necessary steps in the job c. order the steps in the job d. list key points or guidelines for each step e. present the operation (b; moderate; p. 277) 40. A disadvantage of lecturing as a method of training is that it is _____. a. fast b. appropriate for large groups c. allow questions from the audience d. boring e. less expensive than written materials (d; easy; p. 278) 41. _____ is a step-by-step self-learning method. a.Job instruction training b. Programmed learning c. Apprenticeship training d. Lecturing e. Job rotation (b; easy; p. 279) 42. Which of the following is not an advantage of programmed learning? a. reduction in training time b. facilitation of learning c. reduced feeling of risk on the part of the learner d. learning similar to that with textbook e. immediate feedback provided (d; moderate; p. 279) 43. Functional illiteracy is defined as _____. a. reading below 9th grade level b. the inability to handle basic reading, writing, and arithmetic c. the inability to understand standard industry terminology d. roficiency in math and reading skills at the 8th grade level and above e. all of the above (b; moderate; p. 279) 44. Employers are responding to the problem of functional illiteracy by _____. a. testing the basic skills of job candidates b. instituting literacy programs at work c. conducting literacy audits d. hold ing formal classes on math and reading e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 279) 45. Because illiterate employees will usually try to hide their problem, supervisors can try to identify illiteracy problems by looking for employees who _____. a. do not follow written instructions b. take forms home to complete . are multilingual d. both a and b e. all of the above (d; moderate; p. 279) 46. Which of the following goals is the focus of diversity training? a. to create cross-cultural sensitivity b. to foster harmonious working relationships c. to improve interpersonal skills d. to socialize employees into the corporate culture e. all of the above (e; moderate; p. 280) 47. An advantage of conventional lecturing over the use of audiovisual-based training is that _____. a. audiovisuals are more boring b. audiovisuals are more expensive c. audiovisuals allow for instant replay and stop-action d. udiovisuals can show events that are not easily demonstrated in live lectures e. audiovisuals can be easily sent to all locations (b; moderate; p. 280) 48. Another term for vestibule training is _____. a. apprenticeship training b. computer-based training c. cubicle training d. simulated training e. job instruction training (d; moderate; p. 281) 49. _____ is a method in which trainees learn on actual or simulated equipment but are trained away from the job. a. Vestibule training b. Apprenticeship training c. Retreat training d. Cubicle training e. Job instruction training (a; moderate; p. 281) 50.Pilots train on flight simulators for safety, learning efficiency, and cost savings. This is an example of _____. a. apprenticeship training b. on-the-job training c. simulated training d. coaching e. programmed learning (c; easy; p. 281) 51. _____ are computer-based training systems that learn what the trainee did right and wrong and then adjusts the instructional sequence to the trainee’s unique needs. a. Programmed learning b. Multi-media training c. DVD training programs d. Int elligent tutoring systems e. Programmed instruction (d; moderate; p. 281) 52. All of the following are advanced types of computer-based training except _____. . interactive gaming systems b. intelligent tutoring systems c. interactive multimedia training d. virtual reality training e. all of the above are advanced types of computer-based training systems (a; moderate; p. 281) 53. A(n) _____ is a set of instruction, diagrams, or similar methods available at the job site to guide the worker. a. instruction sheet b. job aid c. task analysis record form d. skill sheet e. work function analysis (b; easy; p. 282) 54. United Airlines utilizes a checklist of things that pilots should do prior to take-off and landing. This checklist is an example of a(n) _____. a. job aid b. nstruction sheet c. task analysis form d. work function analysis e. skill sheet (a; moderate; p. 282) 55. Travel agents at Apollo Travel Services follow a computer program that displays question prompts and dialogue boxe s with travel policies as the agent enters information about the consumer’s travel plans. This is an example of a(n) _____. a. job aid b. electronic performance support system c. intelligent tutoring system d. computer-managed instruction e. computer-based training (b; moderate; p. 282) 56. With _____, a trainer in a central location teaches groups of employees at remote locations via television hookups. . lecturing b. audiovisual-based instruction c. teletraining d. teleteaching e. distance learning (c; easy; p. 283) 57. Any attempt to improve managerial performance by imparting knowledge, changing attitudes, or increasing skills is called _____. a. diversity training b. on-the-job training c. performance improvement programs d. management development e. coaching (d; easy; p. 285) 58. The _____ process consists of 1) assessing the company’s strategic needs, 2) appraising the current performance of managers, and 3) developing the managers. a. management development b. management skills inventory c. succession planning . action planning e. performance support (a; moderate; p. 285) 59. The _____ process consists of 1) anticipating management needs, 2) reviewing the firm’s management skills inventory, and 3) creating replacement charts. a. management development b. management skills inventory c. succession planning d. action planning e. performance support (c; moderate; p. 285) 60. Which on-the-job training method is used for managerial positions? a. job rotation b. coaching c. action learning d. outside seminars e. all of the above (e; easy; p. 286) 61. In a(n) _____, carefully selected teams tackle real world business rograms that extend beyond their usual areas of expertise and receive coaching and feedback on their work. a. management development program b. action learning program c. role playing program d. job instruction program e. understudy program (b; moderate; p. 286) 62. The transparent, but often impermeable barrier that women fac e when trying to move to top management is called the _____. a. glass ceiling b. glass wall c. invisible corner office d. iron wall e. Mount Everest (a; easy; p. 287) 63. _____ is a special approach to organizational change in which the employees formulate the change that’s required and implement it. a.Managerial development b. Action research c. Succession planning d. Organizational development e. Participative management (d; moderate; p. 290) 64. Which of the following is not an application of organizational development? a. human process b. technostructural c. human resource management d. strategic e. interventions (e; moderate; p. 290) 65. The basic aim of _____ is to increase the participant’s insight into his or her own behavior and the behavior of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in a trainer-guided group. a. sensitivity training b. action research c. group therapy d. diversity training e. coaching a; moderate; p. 295) 66. Which of the followi ng organizational development techniques focuses on technostructural applications? a. t-groups b. process consultation c. quality circles d. team building e. goal setting (c; moderate; p. 295) 67. Which organizational development application involves examples like goal setting, performance appraisal, and employee wellness? a. human process b. strategic c. technostructural d. human resource management e. process consultation (d; easy; p. 295) 68. Which of the following is not measured to evaluate a training program? a. organizational productivity b. participants’ reactions to the program . what trainees learned from the program d. changes in on-the-job behavior e. training objectives achieved (a; moderate; p. 299) 69. In a _____, measures are taken before and after the training program so they can be compared to assess the effectiveness of the program. a. Soloman four-factor design b. time series design c. controlled experiment d. post-test only design e. factorial design (b; moderate; p. 299) 70. When _____ are measured to assess the effectiveness of a training program, variables such as liking of the program, satisfaction with the program, and attitude toward the program are assessed. a. earning outcomes b. behavioral outcomes c. results d. reactions e. productivity levels (d; moderate; p. 299) True/ False 71. Employee orientation programs range from brief, informal introductions to lengthy, formal courses. (T; easy; p. 268) 72. Orientation refers to the methods used to give new or present employees the skills they need to perform their jobs. (F; easy; p. 268) 73. Most employers do not develop their own training materials. (T; easy; p. 271) 74. Training sessions should be half-day or three-fourths day in length rather than a full day, because the learning curve goes down late in the day. T; easy; p. 272) 75. Employers face the same consequences for discriminating against protected individuals when selecting candidates for training programs as they woul d in selecting candidates for jobs. (T; moderate; p. 272) 76. Employers must always pay employees for attending training programs. (F; moderate; p. 273) 77. The main task in analyzing current employees’ training needs is to determine what the job entails, break the job down into subtasks, and then teach each subtask to the employee. (F; moderate; p. 273) 78.Performance analysis is a detailed study of a job to determine what specific skills the job requires. (F; easy; p. 273) 79. The golem effect refers to the occurrence of poor trainee performance caused by low expectations for success by the trainer. (T; moderate; p. 275) 80. A disadvantage of on-the-job training is its expense. (F; easy; p. 275) 81. The American Society for Training and Development estimates that only about 20% of what employees learn on the job is learned through informal means while the rest is learned through formal training programs. F; moderate; p. 277) 82. Job instruction training is a step-by-step se lf-learning method which uses a textbook, computer, or the Internet. (F; moderate; p. 277) 83. Some estimate that 50% of the U. S. population reads below the eighth-grade level with about 90 million adults considered functionally illiterate. (T; moderate; p 279) 84. Literacy training is sometimes a part of a diversity training program. (T; moderate; p. 279) 85. Computer-managed instruction (CMI) is able to provide some of the primary characteristics of a human tutor. (F; difficult; p. 281) 86.Intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) is more advanced than intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) for providing tutoring. (F; difficult; p. 281) 87. Succession planning is a type of management development program. (T; easy; p. 286) 88. Lewin’s change process consists of unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. (T; easy; p. 292) 89. Management development is a special approach to organizational change in which the employees themselves formulate the change that is required and implement it. (F; moderate; p. 285) 90. Organizational development usually involves action research. T; moderate; p. 294) 91. Sensitivity training seeks to increase participants’ insight into their own behavior and the behavior of others by encouraging an open expression of feelings in a trainer guided t-group. (T; moderate; p. 295) 92. Survey research is a convenient way to unfreeze a company’s management and employees by providing comparative, graphic illustration of the fact that the organization does have problems to solve. (T; easy; p. 295) 93. OD applications in human resource management involve changing firm structure, methods, and job design to improve efficiency and roductivity. (F; moderate; p. 295) 94. Survey research is a technostructural OD technique. (F; moderate; p. 295) 95. Human resource management OD applications use action research to enable employees to analyze and change their firm’s personnel practices such as performance appraisal and reward system s. (T; easy; p. 295) 96. Integrated strategic management is an OD method of developing and implementing a strategic change plan. (T; easy; p. 295) 97. A survey of employee attitudes towards the training program is the most frequently used assessment method. (F; moderate; p. 96) 98. When designing a training evaluation study, one can use a time series design or a controlled experiment. (T; moderate; p. 299) 99. When a training program is evaluated by measuring the outcomes of a group who receives the training and another group that receives no training, it is called a time series design. (F; moderate; p. 299) 100. The four categories of training outcomes are reactions, learning, behavior, and results. (T; easy; p. 299) Essay/ Short Answer 101. What four things should a successful orientation program accomplish? (moderate; p. 268)Answer: New employees should feel welcome and at ease. New employees should understand the organization in a broad sense including its past, present, culture , and vision for the future. They should be clear about what is expected in terms of work and behavior. They should have begun the socialization process into the firm’s way of doing things. 102. Training is not useful if the trainee lacks the motivation to benefit from it. The more meaningful the material, the more motivated an employee should be to learn. How can a manager make training material more meaningful for employees? easy; p. 271) Answer: There are five suggestions for making training material more meaningful for employees. First, an overall picture of the training material that will be presented should be provided at the start of training. Second, familiar examples should be used. Third, the information should be logically organized and presented. Fourth, the vocabulary used during training should be familiar to the trainees. Fifth, many visual aids should be used. 103. There are several sources of information an employer can use to identify a current employee†™s training needs.List five of these sources of information. (moderate; p. 273) Answer: The possible sources of information include performance reviews (supervisor, peer, self, and 360 degree); job-related performance data such as productivity, absenteeism and tardiness, accidents, short-term sickness, grievances, waste, late deliveries, product quality, downtime, repairs equipment utilization, and customer complaints; observation by supervisors or other specialists; interviews with the employee or the supervisor; skill tests; attitude surveys; employee task diaries; and assessment center results. 104.Trainers often try to solve employee performance deficiencies with training, but some deficiencies can’t be overcome with training. What other causes might exist for performance deficiency from an employee? (easy; p. 274) Answer: Training is appropriate if the problem is caused by the employee failing to understand how to do, what to do, or what the standards for performance a re. However, if employees are not provided with the proper resources for doing a job well then training cannot solve this problem. Likewise, if employees have the necessary knowledge and resources, then the may not be motivated to improve performance. 05. There are several types of on-the-job training. Identify and describe three types. Which one is used most often? Why? (moderate; p. 275) Answer: The types of on-the-job training include the coaching or understudy method, the job rotation method, and the special assignments method. Using the understudy method, an experienced worker or the trainee’s supervisor trains the employee. At lower levels, the trainee might observe the supervisor, but it is also used at higher levels. Job rotation means that an employee moves from job to job at planned intervals. This is common in management training programs.Special assignments give employees firsthand experience in working on actual problems. The coaching or understudy method is used most often. It is the simplest to execute and still offers the advantages of OTJ training. 106. What advantages are associated with on-the-job training? (moderate; p. 275 Answer: OJT is relatively inexpensive. Trainees learn while producing and there is no need for expensive training facilities like classrooms or programmed learning devices. OJT also facilitates learning because trainees learn by doing and get prompt feedback on their performance. 107.On-the-job training can be enhanced if trainers know the four-step job instruction technique. What are the four steps in job instruction? Explain what happens in each step. (moderate; p. 276) Answer: The four steps in job instruction are to 1) prepare the learner, 2) present the operation, 3) do a tryout, and 4) follow up. In the first step, the trainer should try to put the learner at ease and relieve tension. The trainer should explain why the trainee is being taught. The trainer should create interest in the training by encouraging questions and finding out what the learner already knows.The job should be explained to the trainee along with making sure the trainee is familiar with the equipment, materials, tools, and terminology of the trade. In the second step, the trainer should explain the quantity and quality requirements of the job. The job should be gone through at a normal pace and then at a slower pace several times while explaining each step. After the steps have been covered, the learner should explain the steps to the trainer while the trainer goes through the job at a slow pace. In the third step, the learner should go through the job several times slowly while explaining each step.Mistakes should be corrected. Then the learner should do the job at a normal pace. This should continue while the learner builds up skill and speed. Once the learner has demonstrated ability to do the job, the work should begin, but the trainer should stay close by. In the final step, the trainer should designate a cont act person the learner can reach for help. Supervision should be gradually decreased but work should still be checked periodically for quality and quantity standards. Any faulty work patterns should be corrected.Finally good work should be complimented and the worker encouraged until able to performance standards. 108. Describe the programmed learning training method and explain the three parts of this form of instruction. (moderate; p. 279) Answer: Programmed learning is a step-by-step self-learning method using a medium such as a textbook, computer, or the Internet. The three parts of the method include presenting questions, facts, and problems to the learner, allowing the person to respond, and then providing feedback on the accuracy of answers. 109. What is the goal of succession planning?What steps are involved in the process? (moderate; p. 286) Answer: Succession planning refers to the process through which a company plans for and fills senior-level openings. The typical succe ssion planning process involves several steps. First, anticipate management needs based on factors like planned expansion. Next, review the firm’s management skills inventory to assess current talent. Then, create replacement charts that summarize potential candidates and each person’s development needs. 110. Changing employee attitudes, skills, and behaviors can be difficult.Explain how Lewin’s Change Process proposes how change should be implemented. (moderate; p. 292) Answer: To Lewin, all behavior in organizations is a product of two kinds of forces – those striving to maintain the status quo and those pushing for change. Implementing change means either weakening the status quo forces or building up the forces for change. Lewin’s change process consists of three steps: 1) unfreezing the forces that seek to maintain the status quo, 2) moving to develop new behaviors and attitudes, and 3) refreezing the organization into its new system to preven t it from reverting to its old ways.